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Second Aliyah
The Second Aliyah was an important and highly influential Israeli immigration movement (aliyah) that took place between 1904 and 1914, during which approximately 20,000 Jews immigrated into Ottoman Palestine, mostly from the Russian Empire.
The word Aliyah in Hebrew means ascent, which has the idealistic connotation of returning to the ancient Jewish homeland. Many scholars do not use the term "Second Aliyah" because of the Zionist ideology that the word reflects.
==Broader immigration==
The Second Aliyah was a small part of the greater emigration of Jews from Eastern Europe which lasted from the 1870s until the 1920s. During this time, over two million Jews emigrated from Eastern Europe. The majority of these emigrants ended up in the United States where there was the greatest economic opportunity. Others ended up in South America, Australia, and South Africa and only a small fraction of Jews who migrated went to Palestine.〔Gur Alroey, "Galveston and Palestine: Immigration and Ideology in the Early Twentieth Century," ''American Jewish Archives Journal'' 56 (2004): 129〕 Between the years 1907–1914 almost 1.5 million Jews went through Ellis Island, while only about 20,000 immigrated to Palestine.〔Gur Alroey (2004): 139〕
Mass Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe occurred for two major reasons. The first was the growing antisemitism in Russia and the Pale of Settlement. The manifestations of this antisemitism were various pogroms, notably the Kishinev Pogrom and the pogroms that attended the 1905 Russian Revolution. The other major factor for emigration was economic hardship. The majority of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe was poor and they left in search of a better life.〔Gur Alroey, Journey to Early-Twentieth-Century Palestine as a Jewish Immigrant Experience, ''Jewish Social Studies,'' 9 (2003) 28〕
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